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La traduction automatique (T.A.) paraît une gageure, et pourtant elle est utilisée par de grands organismes internationaux et par d’importantes industries. Elle a été le sujet de nombreuses controverses tant scientifiques qu’économiques. Les opinions sont multiples mais les faits existent. Cet ouvrage présente l’histoire de la T.A. et les différents systèmes. On y discute des problèmes linguistiques (lexique, morphologie, syntaxe, style) posés par la T.A. telle qu’elle est pratiquée en Europe. Ce n’est pas un ouvrage technique sur l’analyse ou la génération de textes. C’est une réflexion sur la lecture et l’utilisation des documents produits par T.A. L’application de la T.A. à l’enseignement et à la recherche ainsi que la signification épistémologique du traitement automatique multilingue font partie de cette réflexion générale. Ce livre s’adresse tant aux linguistes qu’à un vaste public non spécialisé.
Translation science --- Machine translating. --- Traduction automatique --- Automatic translating --- Computer translating --- Electronic translating --- Mechanical translating --- Algorithms --- Applied linguistics --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural language generation (Computer science) --- Information theory --- Translating and interpreting --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Translating machines --- traduction --- automatisation --- littérature --- information
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Problèmes de sémantique n’a pas pour objectif de mettre sur pied une nouvelle et xième théorie sémantique, mais celui d’examiner le bouleversement qui a changé fortement le paysage de la sémantique actuelle et d’essayer ainsi de juger à leur juste valeur les hypothèses nouvelles qui portent le développement de la sémantique et surtout bouleversent le traitement de la polysémie aujourd’hui. Trois idées-force animent cette démarche (i) la sémantique n’a aucun sens si elle n’est pas tournée vers (ce que nous croyons être) la réalité. L’ouvrage se place ainsi résolument dans un cadre réaliste, positiviste, qui entend mettre en rapport les formes linguistiques et les aspects pertinents des situations extra-linguistiques qui les sous-tendent. (ii) cette sémantique est résolument ouverte au cognitif en ce qu’elle s’ancre dans l’expérience humaine sous toutes ses dimensions interactives : perceptuelle, sociale, culturelle, etc. (III) elle maintient une place au sens "linguistique", conçu comme un phénomène intersubjectivement stable, dans l’interprétation globale d’un énoncé. Par là-même, une réponse attrayante et instructive est apportée à deux questions cruciales pour la saisie et l’analyse de la polysémie : jusqu’où faut-il l’étendre et à quel niveau de généralité faut-il la traiter ?
Lexicology. Semantics --- Semantics --- Polysemy --- Sémantique --- Polysémie --- Semantics. --- Polysemy. --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Sémantique --- Polysémie --- sémantique --- sens --- français --- problème
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This is an accessible introductory guide to a popular and widely-used qualitative research approach which is widely used in the social sciences and related disciplines. This book explores the idea of how meaning is socially constructed and how talk and text can be interpreted. The challenges of discourse analysis are outlined as well as helpful ways to approach them - from finding the right starting point, processing and interpreting data through to building an argument. Discourse analysts work with language data, including talk, documents and broadcast material. Researchers in different traditions study interactions and social practices, meaning-making and larger meaning systems, and contests and conflicts around collective identities, social norms and subjectification. What is discourse analysis? addresses new researchers and other academics interested in language and its associated practices. The book outlines the history of discourse analysis, its key concepts and theorists, and its uses and challenges. Discussions of published studies illustrate the use of the approach to investigate a range of research topics, such as gender, health and national identities.
Qualitative methods in social research --- Pragmatics --- Analyse du discours --- Discourse analysis. --- Analyse du discours. --- Discourse analysis --- Languages --- Foreign languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Discourse grammar --- Text grammar --- Semantics --- Semiotics
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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.
German language --- Pragmatics --- Pragmatics. --- Language and languages --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Pragmalinguistics --- General semantics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Pragmatik. --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / General.
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Stringent ways of thinking, 'conceptual frameworks', are necessary in science. The drawback is that the associated assumptions, concepts, rules and practice may become so deeply entrenched that they turn into tacit knowledge and hence give rise to constraints in scientific thought and practice - that is, a new kind of plethora that seriously blinds and thereby hampers scientific progress. This book, 'A Unifying Theory of Evolution Generated by Means of Information Modelling', presents a methodology for describing complex knowledge domains. It applies a template information model based on a dynamic structure of interrelated functions, called the Mereon Matrix. Application of this template model to the field of evolutionary theories enabled the unification of the sometimes chaotic and competing field of evolutionary theories, large and small, seamlessly in a shared framework. The author has Masters degrees in both biochemistry and computer science, as well as a European Doctorate and PhD in health informatics and has spent 35 years in full-time research. It is her particular combination of professional experience and expertise together with the template information model which has enabled her to write this book. Whilst primarily aimed at a scientific audience, and evolutionary biologists in particular, the book will be of interest to all those looking for new approaches to exploring and explaining phenomena in nature, and because the text is largely non-technical in nature, much of the content will also be accessible to a wider readership.--
Evolution (Biology) --- Information theory in biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biology --- Biomathematics --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Mereon Matrix --- biology --- knowledge domains --- evolution theories --- information model
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For nearly four decades, Ian Keen has been an important, challenging, and engaging presence in Australian anthropology. Beginning with his PhD research in the mid-1970s and through to the present, he has been a leading scholar of Yolngu society and culture, and has made lasting contributions to a range of debates. His scholarly productivity, however, has never been limited to the Yolngu, and he has conducted research and published widely on many other facets of Australian Aboriginal society: on Aboriginal culture in 'settled' Australia; comparative historical work on Aboriginal societies at the threshold of colonisation; a continuing interest in kinship; ongoing writing on language and society; and a set of significant land claims across the continent. In this volume of essays in his honour, a group of Keen's former students and current colleagues celebrate the diversity of his scholarly interests and his inspiring influence as a mentor and a friend, with contributions ranging across language structure, meaning, and use; the post-colonial engagement of Aboriginal Australians with the ideas and structures of 'mainstream' society; ambiguity and indeterminacy in Aboriginal symbolic systems and ritual practices; and many other interconnected themes, each of which represents a string that he has woven into the rich tapestry of his scholarly work.
Aboriginal Australians --- Languages --- Religious life --- Research. --- Foreign languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Aboriginals, Australian --- Aborigines, Australian --- Australian aboriginal people --- Australian aboriginals --- Australian aborigines --- Australians, Aboriginal --- Australians, Native (Aboriginal Australians) --- Native Australians (Aboriginal Australians) --- Indigenous peoples --- ian keen --- australian aborigines --- anthropology --- Indigenous Australians --- Yolngu --- Yolngu Matha language N230 --- Dhalwangu language N143.1
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This book is open access under a CC BY licence. It spans the areas of assessment, SLA and pronunciation and examines topical issues and challenges that relate to formal and informal assessments of second language (L2) speech in classroom, research and real-world contexts. It will be of interest to anyone working on L2 pronunciation and assessment.
#KVHA:Tweede taalonderwijs --- #KVHA:Taalkunde --- #KVHA:Taalonderwijs --- Language and languages --- Second language acquisition research. --- Second language acquisition --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Psycholinguistics. --- Pronunciation by foreign speakers. --- Pronunciation for foreign speakers. --- Pronunciation --- Ability testing. --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Research. --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Foreign language study --- Language and education --- Language schools --- Foreign speakers --- Study and teaching. --- Language and languages Study and teaching
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Telecommunication has never been perfectly secure. The Cold War culture of recording devices in telephone receivers and bugged embassy offices has been succeeded by a post-9/11 world of NSA wiretaps and demands for data retention. Although the 1990s battle for individual and commercial freedom to use cryptography was won, growth in the use of cryptography has been slow. Meanwhile, regulations requiring that the computer and communication industries build spying into their systems for government convenience have increased rapidly. The application of the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act has expanded beyond the intent of Congress to apply to voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and other modern data services; attempts are being made to require ISPs to retain their data for years in case the government wants it; and data mining techniques developed for commercial marketing applications are being applied to widespread surveillance of the population. In Privacy on the Line, Whitfield Diffie and Susan Landau strip away the hype surrounding the policy debate over privacy to examine the national security, law enforcement, commercial, and civil liberties issues. They discuss the social function of privacy, how it underlies a democratic society, and what happens when it is lost. This updated and expanded edition revises their original - and prescient - discussions of both policy and technology in light of recent controversies over NSA spying and other government threats to communications privacy.
Wiretapping --- Data encryption (Computer science) --- Privacy, Right of --- Law and legislation --- Electronic intelligence --- Electronic surveillance --- Telecommunication --- Political aspects --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Communications & Telecommunications --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Technology & Policy --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Electronics in surveillance --- SIGINT (Electronic surveillance) --- Signals intelligence --- Surveillance, Electronic --- Remote sensing --- Electronic spying --- ELINT (Electronic intelligence) --- Intelligence, Electronic --- Intelligence service --- Military intelligence --- Electronic countermeasures --- Human rights, civil rights --- Communications engineering / telecommunications
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La notion de "nom abstrait" a derrière elle une longue tradition - abordée dès la période scholastique, elle accompagne plusieurs tournants de l’histoire de la logique et de la grammaire -, mais aucun travail d’ensemble ne lui avait, à ce jour, été consacré. Le colloque organisé à Dunkerque en septembre 1992, qui a réuni plus d’une cinquantaine de chercheurs français et étrangers, avait donc pour but de faire le point sur un problème d’autant plus important qu’il concerne à la fois la logique, les différents champs de la linguistique et la traductologie. La question du nom abstrait soulève plusieurs difficultés, dont la principale est de déterminer s’il est possible d’associer la notion intuitive d’abstraction à des propriétés logico-syntaxiques et à des caractéristiques morphologiques. Le nom abstrait semble en effet soumis à deux contraintes antagonistes : l’influence sémantique de sa base prédicative et le rôle formel de la catégorie nominale. On trouvera donc dans cet ouvrage un ensemble de réflexions critiques et d’analyses, portant non seulement sur la distinction entre noms concrets et noms abstraits et sur sa validité pour la description linguistique, mais encore sur la pertinence de la notion d’abstraction en général dans l’approche des faits de langue. Sous des angles très divers, toutes les démarches s’accordent à reconnaître l’importance de ce mouvement delà pensée qui, d’une part, permet de séparer les qualités et les procès de leur support - ou si l’on préféré les prédicats de leurs arguments - et qui, de l’autre, conduit à négliger les différences individuelles pour acceder au général.
Grammar --- Abstraction --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Nom (Linguistique) --- Noun --- Semantics --- Congresses --- 804.0-56 --- -Semantics --- -Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- -Congresses --- Grammar, Comparative --- Congresses. --- -Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- 804.0-56 Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- -804.0-56 Frans: syntaxis; semantiek --- Formal semantics --- -Comparative grammar --- Noun&delete& --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- French language --- Semantics - Congresses --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Noun - Congresses --- personnage --- nom --- abstraction
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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.
Grammar, Comparative and general --- -Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Syntax --- Grammar, Comparative --- Generative grammar --- -Semantics --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Grammar, Generative --- Grammar, Transformational --- Grammar, Transformational generative --- Transformational generative grammar --- Transformational grammar --- Comparative grammar --- Complement --- Derivation --- Semantics --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Psycholinguistics --- Complement (Grammar) --- Verb phrase --- Generative grammar. --- Complement. --- Syntax. --- English language --- Anglais (Langue) --- Syntaxe --- Sémantique --- Semantics. --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Syntax --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Complement --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax
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